What is Public Policy?

What is Public Policy?

"Public policy is anything a government chooses to do, or chooses not to do."

"Public policy is anything a government chooses to do, or chooses not to do."

"Public policy is anything a government chooses to do, or chooses not to do."

— Thomas Dye (1972)

If government decides to act, that’s policy. If government decides not to act, that’s also policy.

Public policy affects everyone and shapes our daily lives.

If government decides to act, that’s policy. If government decides not to act, that’s also policy.

Public policy affects everyone, and shapes your everyday life.

Public policy appears in many forms!

Public policy appears in many forms!

Why Public Policy Matters

Why Public Policy Matters

Example: Protect Ontario, 2025

Example: Protect Ontario, 2025

Government priorities


Protect Ontario: The Government of

Ontario’s plan to build a more competitive

and self reliant economy due to recent

economic threats (i.e., tariffs).

Laws and Regulations


Legislation such as Bill 24, the Plan to

Protect Ontario Act (Budget Measures),

2025, introduces regulatory and

financial changes that directly

affect individuals and organizations.


Laws and Regulations


Legislation such as Bill 24, the Plan to

Protect Ontario Act (Budget Measures),

2025, introduces regulatory and

financial changes that directly

affect individuals and organizations.


Budgets and funding decisions


Ontario’s 2025 Budget projects over

$200 billion in spending, reflecting policy

choices about public services, infrastructure,

and social programs.

Programs and services


Initiatives like the Ontario Financing

Program support businesses and

communities impacted by

economic disruptions.

Programs and services


Initiatives like the Ontario Financing

Program support businesses and

communities impacted by

economic disruptions.

Programs and services


Initiatives like the Ontario Financing

Program support businesses and

communities impacted by

economic disruptions.

How Governments Make Policy Decisions


Public policy is a form of applied problem solving!

How Governments Make Policy Decisions


Public policy is a form of applied problem solving!

How Governments Make Policy Decisions


Public policy is a form of applied problem solving!


Governments must make decisions while balancing limited time, financial resources, and political constraints. Therefore, they must choose goals and decide how to solve them. This means policy decisions are about what problems matter the most, what goals to pursue, which solutions are realistic, and what tradeoffs are acceptable.


Modern policy challenges are complex, difficult to solve, and there is often no single correct answer.


Examples include:


  • Housing affordability 

  • Healthcare system pressures

  • Income inequality 

  • Climate change 

The Policy Process: A Problem Solving Cycle

The Policy Process: A Problem Solving Cycle

The Policy Process: A Problem Solving Cycle

1. Agenda-Setting

2. Formulation

2. Formulation

3. Decision-Making

3. Decision-Making

3. Decision-Making

4. Implementation

4. Implementation

5. Evaluation

5. Evaluation

What is a Briefing Note?

What is a Briefing Note?

A Briefing Note is a short, focused decision document. It helps decision makers quickly understand the policy issue, compare solutions, and make informed decisions.

A Briefing Note is a short, focused decision document. It helps decision makers quickly understand the policy issue, compare solutions, and make informed decisions.

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